Fertile Crescent

 Mesopotamia, or the Fertile Crescent, developed the world’s fi rst cities, so it

is not surprising that wheat and barley were fi rst cultivated there. Irrigation and the drainage of

swamps also fi rst occurred there, around 5000 b.c.e. From time immemorial the Nile River over-

fl owed its banks bringing fertile silt and water to the narrow and prolifi c fl oodplain. When the Nile

failed, social upheaval and revolution often followed.

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